after islamic revolution of 1979, the left wing had a new sphere to act in political eras, and overcastted on the other groups, but as soon as possible, the unreligious left leaved the political scene of iran after revolution. it seems the religious groups –as the only legal political actors- are integrated under “islamic republic party” but so soon, we saw the distinction between them all. jus...

This essay considers Piketty's characterization of U.S. economic development in Capital and Ideology the decades between 1860 1900, a period that historians have begun to call “Second Great Divergence.” It contends this rests on outdated assumptions about relationship political contestation, neglect historical writing topic raises questions his policy proposals. To highlight limitations approac...

I investigate political uncertainty as a source of regulatory risk. Political parties have incentives to reduce regulatory risk actively through institutionalizing politically independent regulatory agencies. Political parties benefit from fully eliminating regulatory risk when political divergence is small or electoral uncertainty is appropriately skewed. In general, the political system allow...

Humans are a coalitional, parochial species. Yet, extreme actions of solidarity are sometimes taken for distant or unrelated groups. What motivates people to become solidary with groups to which they do not belong originally? Here, we demonstrate that such distant solidarity can occur when the perceived treatment of an out-group clashes with one's political beliefs (e.g., for Leftists, oppressi...

Theory: Two theories about trends in left-right political orientations are juxtaposed: the persistence theory claiming that left-right orientations are highly resistant to change versus the irrelevance theory anticipating a move of mass publics towards the center of the left-right continuum. Hypotheses: The left-right ideological differences between the Dutch political parties have declined sin...

The present study examines how Trump’s unilateral withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on May 8, 2018 was framed in political cartoons published in the American and French media. The paper offers a thematic analysis of cartoons published from May 8 to June 8, 2018, the peak period for publication of cartoons on the Iran nuclear deal, and accessed via Google images. The...